Civilization Revolution - General strategy guide v4.0, Sept 4, 2008
PS3/360/DS
silentdisruptor@hotmail.com
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#Table of Contents - TC1#
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1. Table of Contents (TC1)
2. Introduction (IN2)
3. Game Concepts (GC3)
3.1. Terminology
3.2. Terrain
3.3. City Production
3.4. City Settling
3.5. Buildings
3.6. Wonders
4. Playing the Game (PG4)
4.1. Early Game
4.2. Building Buildings
5. Warfare
5.1. General Strategies
5.2. Perpetual Warfare
5.3. Leonardo's Workshop
6. Advanced Strategies (AS6)
6.1. Population Pumps
6.2. Rushing
7. Governments (GO7)
8. Artefacts (AR8)
9. More Math Derivations (MD9)
9.1. Production Improvements
9.2. Military Strength
9.3. Banks and Universities
10.Technology (TE10)
10.1.Tech Strategies
10.2.Bonuses for First Research
10.3.Tech Tree
11.Leaders (LE11)
12.Sample Walkthrough (SW12)
13.Victories (VI13)
13.1.Conquest
13.2.Science
13.3.Cultural
13.4.Economic
14.Reader Questions(RQ14)
15.Closing Remarks (CR15)
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#Introduction - IN2#
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Hi, welcome to my first guide.  I've been playing civilization games for
almost 10 years now (I started with Civ III), so I have significant
experience.  My skill level is typically in the mid-high range - I hate to
micromanage, which is often required at the higher levels.  Highlights of
CivRev are the streamlined tech tree (no 2 units are even similar) and
superior city specialization opportunities (by selecting whether the city
produces gold or science).  Honestly, I can pretty well handle the AI in this
game at the highest difficulty without resorting to 'cheap' strategies, so this
guide should be valuable for anyone looking to improve their game (or even
figure out why warlord is so bloody difficult).
You can think of this guide as my personal thoughts and observations on the
game.  I'm not the type to sit in front of the game with a pad of paper, and
record info that is freely available if you're actually playing and paying
any attention whatsoever to what is happening.
V1.0
As of this version, this guide is just a brief outline of some thought I've
had from playing the game.  Expect it to expand quickly.  I like to give
examples, wherein I take a standard case (usually a very general city), and
give what the most efficient behaviour is for it, given some desired outcome.
This should definitely improve your early game, unless you've already done it
yourself.
V2.0
Big expansion.  I've tried to flesh out something for each part of the game,
so there's a reference for any specific area you're having issues with.
V3.0
Went into more detail from the last version; working out the math for optimal
strategies.  Updated the population pump strategy.  Still need to work out
exactly what aqueducts do.  Added the 'walkthrough' section, and take the
game through the first bit of expansion.  Still working out what military
strength numbers mean exactly.  Still need to clarify some of the wonders.
I'll also be putting in a technology guide in the next version, with all of
the exact bonuses from each tech (not just 'extra gold').  I'll also be doing
a tech tree.
V4.0
Since 3.0, I've added the section on my hypothesis of what the military
strength numbers mean in terms of win percentages.
I've also gone and added some ideas on tech and leader strategies.
I badly need to reorganize this guide now though, as the strategies are
detailed all over the place.  Victory conditions are basically just strategies
for improving gold/science/culture and waging war...
Also, I've added in a bunch of questions I've been asked by players; hopefully
this section is more practical, and should help people with common problems,
like "I can't research everything before 2100" and such.
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#Game Concepts - GC3#
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****************************************************
*Terminology - What the hell are you talking about?*
****************************************************
Here's a brief glossary of the terms I'll use in the rest of this document:
City - Where civilization happens.  Everything is built in cities, using
their population to work the surrounding land and produce things.
City Radius - The area around the city where workers can work.  This is the 8
squares around the city in the middle, and can be expanded to 17
squares by building a courthouse.
City View - The zoomed in view of the city.  You will automatically be taken
to this screen if the city can build something.  You can also reach
this by pressing R1 on the main screen (Just R in the DS version).
Food - Food is one of the things that workers can produce in a city.  An extra
population point is added for every 10*current population you have. So,
a city of size 2 takes 20 food to grow, while one of size 10 takes 100
food.
Gold - Gold is one of the things that workers can produce in a city.  Squares
don't usually produce gold, they produce trade, which can be used for
science or gold (interchangeable in each city).  Gold can be used to
rush building things, or it can be saved up to reach economic
milestones, which give you free things for saving a certain amount.
Population - The number of workers you have in a city.  These will be
automatically assigned to work a tile in the city when they are
produced.  Without people, you won't get anything done.  You can
see the population by going to the city view, and looking at the
top of the screen.
Production - Production is one of the things that workers can produce in a
city.  If a worker works forests, hills, or mountains, they
will contribute production (hammers) to whatever is currently
being built in the city. Factories double this amount, and
workshops and iron mines improve hills and mountains productivity.
Science - The beakers that workers can produce in a city.  These squares are
always just trade squares, and can be interchanged between science
and gold.  These go towards researching new technologies.
Worker - The people in your city.  Each population point represents one of
these, and they can be manually or automatically set to work with
different priorities.
**********************************************
*Terrain - What is the potential of the land?*
**********************************************
There are 8 types of workable terrain.  They follow the general pattern of a
weak tile (1 food/trade/production), medium tile (2), and strong tile (3, a
weak tile with an upgrade).  The exceptions are mountains (which improve to
5 production), and sea tiles (which improve to give a food unit).
Plains - 1 food
This can be improved to 3 food with a granary.
Tundra - 1 food
Acts like plains.
Grassland - 2 food
This cannot be improved.
Desert - 1 trade
This can be improved to 3 trade with a trading post.
Sea - 2 trade
This can be improved to 2 trade and 1 food with a harbour.
Hills - 1 production
This can be improved to 3 production with a workshop.
Mountains - 1 production
This can be improved to 5 production with an iron mine.
Forests - 2 production
This cannot be improved.
Ice - nothing
This cannot be worked or settled.  Found around the top and bottom of the map.
I don't think you can actually get any of this within city limits.
*******************************************
*City Production - What happens in a city?*
*******************************************
Cities produce military units, culture, and trade (gold/science).  You should
try and specialize a city towards these goals, at least somewhat.  Firstly, a
city will either produce science or gold, so decide which when you found the
city.  If there are resources nearby that will give you extra gold (not
trade), such as gems or gold, then focus the city on gold production.  Most of
your cities should be science, and if you're not planning on producing any
trade, set it to whatever you want.  What you build in the city then pushes
you towards your ideal version of the city. If you aren't producing gold in a
city, don't build markets or banks.  Likewise, don't build libraries or
universities in cities that aren't producing science.  No trading posts in
cities focused on production with one square of desert, and no harbours in
production cities with a few water tiles.  This is a long list of no's, but
specialization of cities is really what makes your civilization powerful.
Most of your cities will end up being good science/production/culture areas,
simply because those things tend to go together well.  So the main choice to
make with a city then is science or gold.
Culture is useless in small cities since it's based on population size, so
only go for it in large ones.  This is especially true for building
cathedrals, as they are very expensive at 160, which is a relatively smaller
benefit than temples at 40.  More production is always useful in a city, so
always build those improvements in cities, usually prior to building the
actual specialization of the city.  Based on this, here's what you should
build in each type of city:
Science city    - Library, University, Granary, Harbour, Trading Post
gold city       - Market, Bank, Trading Post, Trade Fair
Production city - Workshop, Iron Mine, Factory
Culture city    - Temple, Cathedral, Granary, Harbour
You can obviously see a lot of mixing that would occur - having all of the
culture buildings in the rest of your cities might make sense.  However, try
to avoid too much production in a good science city, it is for science after
all.  Try to use gold to rush universities and banks especially, as they take
forever for non-production centres to build, time spent building them is time
not doing what they're supposed to be doing, and the benefits of the building
are delayed until completion.  The only building that every city should have
is a granary (although, this is not very useful later in the game, and some
advanced strategies might skip this - although for those it won't make much
difference).
*************************************************
*City Settling - Where should I build my cities?*
*************************************************
Cities always have to have food, and probably need some production as well
(unless you have a lot of cash and plan on buying whatever the city needs).
Cities can work the 8 tiles around themselves, and the 17 around them in a
'fat cross' if a courthouse has been built.  Don't worry about the whole
courthouse thing though, unless you have some major plan for a city - it takes
quite a while before you have a sufficient population to use the extra
squares, and citizens still produce 1 production and 1 trade if they don't
have any land to work (hence why you never work unimproved deserts or
mountains).
So, you found a place that has some plains and trees, but which square exactly
do you want to settle?  You should never settle a city beside a hill,
especially if the city itself isn't on a hill, and you're near enemy borders.
The AI will always attack that city from the hill, and you'll be crying soon
enough.  If your city is on the hill though, and they are on an exposed plain,
you can pick off some of their attackers quite easily (especially since you
can see the strength comparison before starting the attack).  Also, consider
creating a choke point city on your border, somewhere the AI will have to go
by first if they attack you.  It's much easier defending 2 cities than all of
your cities, and you can realistically build walls in these cities as well.
The third thing to consider now is what improvements you have available for
the surrounding terrain - are there resources you can use nearby, or
hills/deserts/mountains/water nearby?  Later in the game these are always
positives, but early on having lots of mountains and deserts can be crippling
for a city.
Given the above, consider building cities in these sub-par areas, with the
idea that they not produce much now (focus on food), and then use gold to
buy them the necessary buildings once they're available.  Your worst cities
will suddenly become production powerhouses if surrounded by some mountains,
and can build lots of wonders fast.
******************************************************
*Buildings - What do all of these things ACTUALLY do?*
******************************************************
Some buildings have really clear descriptions, like granaries doubling the
food output of plains tiles, some are a little unclear (how do libraries and
universities apply their multiplier to everything?), and some are totally
ambiguous (what specifically does an aqueduct do?).  This section will briefly
discuss all of the buildings in the game, what exactly they do, and when you
want to be building them.
Bank - 120 production
quadruple gold output in the city - i.e. every gold bar you see your workers
producing will now actually be four.
At a ratio of 3 gold to 1 production, this pays for itself after it generates
360 gold.  360/4 is 90 (i.e. the base gold production to cover this), so if
your city has 3 tiles that generate 2 gold each, this pays for itself in
15 turns.  Not too shabby!
Barracks - 40 production
These make every unit produced in the city a veteran (+50% attack and defense).
Build these in cities that are going to be producing military units.  You don't
have to build many units before this pays itself off with stronger units.  Each
little extra improves survival, so you a) don't have to build more, and b) can
get highly experienced units.  This gets more efficient to build as the game
progresses - at the beginning, it's the same as 4 units, so it might not be
worthwhile (instead getting an army).  Later though, when you don't have
barbarians to be levelling with, the cost vs units plummets.  It's worthwhile
to note though that if one unit in the army is veteran, then the whole army
is veteran (likewise, any individual unit upgrade carries to the whole group).
So, why bother having a barracks in every city?  Just build one, and always
make sure one of those guys is in every army you form.
Cathedral - 160 production
Gain 2 culture per population point in the city.
This is a weak version of the temple.  You get 2x the culture, but at a much
higher price point.  You'll need these though if you want to produce many
great people.  Consider this in all high population cities with decent
production (or all high population, if you have the gold to rush).  This is a
really good building to rush, as you'll gain the massive culture benefits
immediately, not after 20 turns.
Courthouse - 80 production
Increases the available land for working in the city - not just the squares
around the city, but also the squares that directly touch those.
Before:               After:
XXX                  XXX
XCX                 XXXXX
XXX                 XXCXX
XXXXX
XXX
This is really good in cities with high populations or with resources just
out of range.  Not very useful in small cities that are already not using
their available land, or if the expanded area just cuts into another city's
working space.
Factory - 200 production
Doubles the production output of the city.
Clearly this is excellent in your big production cities, and not overly
impressive in your other ones.  A city with a couple mountains that has this
and an iron mine can really pump stuff out.
Granary - 40 production
Every plains tile now produces 3 food - i.e. instead of 1 food on a
yellow plains tile, you'll now get 3 food.
This is pretty nice to build, unless the city has lots of water and some
good grasslands.  Make sure you have 2+ plains tiles before building.
Harbour - 100 production
Every water tile now produces 1 food along with the regular trade.
This is a very nice upgrade in a city that's on the coast producing a lot of
gold or science.  Working only 4 water tiles gives you the food of 2 plains
tiles (or 1 plains tile with a granary), without sacrificing anything.
Definitely better than granaries in watery cities.
Iron Mine - 80 production
Every mountain now produces quintuple the production - i.e. instead of 1
production, you'll get 5 production.
If you have many mountains in your territory, I cannot stress the importance
of these enough.  I rush to railroad just for them.  Little backwards cities
that had no production will suddenly be pumping out wonders in 10 turns. I
definitely suggest rushing these, as the cities they're most effective in have
lousy production without them, so the time for actually building them can be
extremely high.  A city with four mountains will produce 20 hammers per turn,
which goes to 40 with a factory.  Very nice.
Library - 40 production
Double science output in the city - i.e. every beaker you see your workers
producing will now actually be two.
Build in every science producing city.  Probably worthwhile to build everywhere
except gold cities.
Market - 60 production
Double gold output in the city - i.e. every gold bar you see your workers
producing will now actually be two.
Build in every gold producing city.  Again, if we assume 3 gold is 1
production, then this pays off with 180 gold.  180/2 (since the market
improves the generation of gold by 2), reduces it to 90.  Notice, this is the
same cost as the bank.  Using 3 tiles at 2 gold each covers this in 15 turns.
Temple - 40 production
Gain 1 culture per population point in the city.
This is a pretty standard building you'll want in most of your cities, as it's
cheap and generates great people.  More benefit in more populous areas.
Trading Post - 60 production
Generate 2 extra trade (i.e. 3 trade total) in desert tiles.
Good if you have a lot of desert around, and you want to be producing science
or gold in the city.  Probably not worthwhile for only 1 tile.  Like the banks,
we can say this covers itself based on the gold production improvement. If you
already have a market, then for the 180 gold cost (at our 3:1 gold:production
rate), using 2 tiles at 3 gold instead of at 2 gold (as I expect you to be
using the sea tiles beforehand).
University - 160 production
quadruple science output in the city - i.e. every beaker you see your workers
producing, multiply by four.  With a library and a university, you take your
base number of beakers x, take 2x for library, and 4x for university, for a
total of 6x beakers.
Walls - 100 production
Provides a 100% defensive boost to units in the city. So for a defense 2
archer, you now get 4.  A veteran archer would have 5 behind the walls.
This is pretty sweet to build if you have a good choke point city, through
which the AI will naturally try to throw their armies.  Even if your units
are outdated by a generation (archers vs catapults, pikeman vs cannons, etc.),
with walls you don't have much to worry about.  They also prevent a culture
flip, which would only happen in border cities where you need walls anyway.
I typically rush build a few of these to prevent conquered cities from flipping
back to the AI.
Workshop - 60 production
Every hill tile produces triple the production - i.e. instead of 1 production
on a hill, you'll now get 3.
Pretty good production boost, definitely worthwhile if you have a few hills.
*****************************
*Wonders - What do these do?*
*****************************
Like buildings, wonders can have some less than clear descriptions (like, what
will your units become when you build Leonardo's Workshop?).  This section will
briefly detail all of the wonders in the game.  I've also listed here some
'tiers' of wonders.  Excellent you should nearly always build, good are ones
that usually pay off, and you should build if you have the resources.
Situational ones are only useful if you are in a very specific situation (duh).
Excellent Wonders
-East India Company
-Trade Fair of Troyes
-Leonardo's Workshop
-Internet
Good Wonders
-Hanging Gardens
-Oxford University
-Magna Carta
-Himeji Samurai Castle
Situational Wonders
-Oracle
-Pyramids
-Great Wall
-Stonehenge
-Hollywood
-Manhattan Project
-Great Library
Mythic Download Wonders
-Great Lighthouse (good)
-Leaning Tower of Piza (situational)
-Scotland Yard (situational)
-SETI (situational)
Hanging Gardens
Increases the city's population by 50%.
This can be pretty nice if you have a big city early on, or if no one builds
this for a while.  Going from 10 to 15 people is quite the boost, and will
really help you build any other wonders or gain a tech lead from then on.
Oracle -
Warns you if an attack will be unsuccessful.
This is a pretty cool wonder, but I'm not sure how useful it really is. You
have to be attacking a lot of stuff before it could be worthwhile, and most
of what it tells you could be learned with the correct unit upgrades (to see
what units you'll be attacking in the city).  Consider how many legions you
could build for the same production, and how many you really think this could
save, before you build it.
Pyramids
All government types become available.
I couldn't be less impressed with this wonder.  The government types come in
pretty much the way you want to use them - first republic, then democracy, and
the rest periodically for whatever needs arise.  I guess communism early
could be pretty useful, just as fundamentalism could be nice in an early war,
but the production could still go somewhere else.
Great Wall
AI won't wage war or make demands of you.
You'll notice if you build this, the AI will randomly talk to you and profess
their love of peace.  They would have made a demand if you hadn't built this.
A bit expensive, but if you're concerned about being attacked early, it can
give you a lot of freedom.  Just remember to still build some defenses, or
things will go very bad when it expires.
Stonehenge - 50 production
Temples produce 50% more culture.
This is an amazing wonder to combine with the Ark of the Covenant.  I usually
don't have enough temples running, or enough population, to really make this
worthwhile considering the early expiry.
East India Company - 200 production
Sea tiles produce 1 extra trade.
One of the best wonders.  It lasts until flight, and you're probably getting
most of your science from sea tiles, so you're effectively getting a 50%
bonus to the total science/gold in any city (i.e. think of this as applying
after other multipliers, so 50% on top of what comes out of libraries and
universities).  This pays for itself so fast.
Oxford University - 150 production
Learn one advanced technology.
This gives you literally any tech that's way down at the end of the tech tree.
I've gotten atomic theory in the middle ages, which was actually quite useless
given how long it takes to build the Manhattan Project.  A risky wonder, but
very worthwhile if no one's built it towards the end of the game (consider
the hammer to science ratio - it's very very good).
Trade Fair of Troyes - 200 production
The city that constructs this produces double the gold, meaning take the base
amount x, and make it 2x.  Markets and banks multiply on this amount, so that
a market makes this city produce 4x, and a bank makes it produce 12x.
Magna Carta - 150 production
Courthouses produce culture
The benefit of this is directly related to whether you can build it easily,
if you have lots of courthouses, and if you want a lot more culture.  Obviously
without any courthouses this is pretty useless.
Himeji Samurai Castle
Gain 1 attack for each unit - armies thus gain 3 attack. Note that this bonus
also affects naval units.
This is pretty good when it's first available, as that extra 3 points
multiplied by a few bonuses (veteran, infiltration, hills) can really add up
to a lot when you're using catapults or cannons.  It makes only a very small
difference though when you're using tanks/artillery/bombers, which all have
over 10 attack.
Leonardo's Workshop
Automatically upgrade all units to their most modern version.
You probably want to rush to invention anyway (for the great person on first
discovery), so you have a bit of time to build this.  I suggest getting as
advanced military tech as you can as well as building as many old units as
possible before you finish building this.  Otherwise, you won't be upgrading
many units to anything very good, and it would've been cheaper to sell off
your old units and just build new ones with the resources available.
Wall Street
Available to build after accumulating 20 000 gold, achieves an economic
victory.
Well, if you're trying to win as fast as possible, you probably want to build
this as soon as you can.  Otherwise, you're going for a different victory
condition, and then you shouldn't have stockpiled more than 10 000 gold for
great people.
United Nations
Available to build after accumulating 20 culture points, achieves a cultural
victory.
You should build this as soon as it's available if you want to win fast.
Internet
Doubles the size of your economy, i.e. 2x the gold output in each city, in the
same way that the Trade Fair of Troyes doubles the gold produced.
This is pretty useful no matter what victory you're going for in the late game.
The gold you get per turn will literally double, meaning you can buy a lot more
buildings and units, or pile up the money fast for an economic victory.  Once I
get this, my top gold city typically produces around 500 per turn, and some
secondary ones produce 300-400.  It doesn't take long to get 20k from there.
Hollywood
City walls can't prevent a cultural flip.
Normally, you can prevent a city from being converted to a rival civilization
by building walls for it.  If you build this, then your rivals can't use that
as a defense.  I'm not sure how useful this really is, as it's quite expensive
and very late.  I guess if you're having trouble getting those last few
culture points, this might be able to help if there are walls in nearby cities.
Remember that you can't flip capital cities either.
Manhattan Project
Grants the builder the 1 ICBM in the game.
This is an ok wonder.  For how many tanks you could build instead, I really
have to question the efficacy of building this.  However, it's very useful if
you think an AI is going to finish the UN/World Bank/Spaceship before you
can get an ending. But wouldn't these resources be better spent on your own
quest for victory?  I guess it depends on your situation.  Also, the AI tend
to act a bit scared towards you if you have this, so it can help stop or
prevent wars against you (late game Great Wall?).
Great Lighthouse
Allows galleys to travel in deep water.
I really can't say anything negative about this wonder.  Getting into deep
water early is really the whole advantage of going with the Spaniards in this
game (with their free navigation tech at the beginning of the game).  You can
settle islands way out there, but more to the point you can claim a lot of
artefacts if you pull this off right.  It is pretty nice to get Atlantis well
before the industrial era.
Leaning Tower of Piza
Doubles import tax on caravans.
This is so useless.  Even if you use a lot of caravans, the AI certainly
doesn't, so you'd make more money spending the hammers to build more caravans
instead.
Scotland Yard
Prevents great people from being kidnapped by spies.
I've never had the AI actually try to kidnap a great person.  I suppose this
could be useful in multiplayer, but of course none of the download packs
are available there.  This is even more useless than the Leaning Tower.
SETI
Decreases space ship travel time.
If you have the resources to build this along with the space ship, go for it.
I tend to rush the entire ship, so this has to have been started a while before
you develop space flight to be useful.  Obviously useless if you aren't
intending on getting a science victory.
########################
#Playing the Game - PG4#
########################
***********************************
*Early Game - What should I build?*
***********************************
This is the expansion phase.  Your goal is to grab as much land as possible,
while setting up some basic defenses and grabbing as many barbarian huts as
possible.
You should always produce a Warrior first, even if you are Roman and can
produce a Settler.  Remember, 100 gold collected gives you a free settler.
Your first settler should be this free one, unless barbarians are annoying and
give techs instead (this is quite common on higher difficulty levels).  The
best thing you can get from the barbarians is a caravan.  You can explore the
map fast and get 50 gold from it once you're done exploring an area.  Be
careful not to send it unprotected near barbarian villages, though.  It
becomes a trade-off when you have 50 gold and a caravan - you can decide then
whether to send the caravan to a city to quickly get a settler, or continue
exploring.  It's almost always better to get the settler fast.
For this and the other economic bonuses, avoid building any roads until you
have to have them (i.e. unexpected war requires troop movements).  Roads build
instantly, so you'll always have them available if you need them and haven't
spent your gold early on.  I'd suggest not spending much gold until you've hit
the second or third milestones.  You only give up the opportunity cost of the
gold by holding it (of course, the Americans have a cost associated with
spending gold, with their 2% interest on holdings).  Always consider the
exchange rate you're getting, gold to hammers, when you go to rush something.
Are you producing gold in cities without markets and banks, and spending it
on cities with high productive capacity?  That seems like a bad idea.
As for city production, you probably want to start building a settler when
your city gets to be size 3.  With warriors heading off in most directions,
there isn't really an advantage to building any more, especially for their
cost.  Ideally, you would have 3 produced, so that you could form a warrior
army.  Also, as you begin to produce the settler, I'd suggest focussing your
city on production (no science).  The new city will begin with population 2 (3
if Chinese), so the loss of 2 (1 if Roman/Republic) population from the
capital doesn't matter.  This is why you should build settlers as much as
possible whenever you can to fill in the empty space - the amount of turns it
takes for you to 'make back' the initial cost of building the settler is
minimal.  The only reason for building warriors at the beginning is to try and
get a settler faster than you could build one - or at least, simultaneously,
and without the population loss.
So, every time a city hits population 3, build a settler.  Depending on the AI
placements, you may need to build some defenders as well.  Also, you should
definitely consider building a galley if you think there are islands nearby -
they are always good to colonize, often have good barbarian huts, and you
might even get a relic.  For this reason, you should have a costal city not
produce settlers, and instead just build a galley immediately.  You probably
want to start this around when you build your 4th city.
***************************************************
*Building Buildings - What should my city contain?*
***************************************************
Outside of building units, what order should you construct buildings in your
city?  Let's assume that the city has 2 plains tiles (2 food each), 2 forests
(2 production each), 2 grasslands (2 food each), and 2 trade tiles (2 each),
and you have 2 people in the city.  It takes 20 food to grow 1 population point
with 2 people (10 times your current population), granaries cost 40 production,
and libraries cost 40 production.  The game will always automatically average
out your people, first to food, then production, then science.
Here are some examples that will indicate whether manually specializing your
citizens is better than the auto types, by completion time of library and
granary.
My worker choices:
-4 production per turn
-Build granary in 10 turns                                                 (10)
-Switch both people to food; 6 food per turn
-Population increase in 4 turns; 4 food overflow                           (14)
-Person 3 builds library; 6 food, 2 production per turn
-Population increase in 5 turns; 4 food overflow, library at 10/40         (19)
-Person 4 builds library; 6 food, 4 production per turn
-Population increase in 6 turns; library at 34/40                          (25)
-Person 5 on food; 8 food, 4 production per turn
-Library complete in 2 turns; 2 production overflow, person at 16/50       (27)
-Person 3 and 4 switch to trade; 8 food, 8 science per turn
-Population increase in 5 turns; 6 food overflow                           (32)
So, in 32 turns, there's a granary, library, 6 people, and you've produced
40 science.  Not too shabby.
AI Style - Balanced
-Auto to 2 food, 2 production per turn
-Gain 1 population in 10 turns                                             (10)
-Auto person 3 to 2 food, 2 production, 2 trade per turn
-Granary complete in 10 turns; person at 20/30                             (20)
-Start on library; 3 food, 2 production, 2 trade per turn
-Gain 1 population in 5 turns; library at 10/40                            (25)
-Person 4 goes to production; 3 food, 4 production, 2 trade per turn
-Library complete in 8 turns; person at 24/40                              (33)
So, in 33 turns, there's a granary, library, 4 people, and you've produced
46 science - in 33 turns, the previous model produced 48 science and had 2
more people to work stuff.  This one gets a lot of the techs early though, so
if you have a tech you really want fast, you might like the AI style.  I tend
to choose long term growth though.  Also, if you're dividing people between
production and food, you should always specialize them if you have the tiles
available.  Why get a person and a unit in 10 turns, when you could have
a person in 5 and the unit in another 5?  You get all the benefits from that
extra person for 5 turns.  The most dramatic example of this is at the very
beginning of the game.  If you use the default worker settings, you'll get
your first warrior in 5 turns, and a second warrior and a population point in
another 5 turns.  If instead you focus on production, you'll get your first
warrior in 3 turns, the second one in another 2 turns, and then you can change
your workers to food to produce a person in another 5 turns.
This should clearly indicate that you DO NOT want to allow the AI to
automatically allocate your workers to the 'correct' squares.  Even specifying
focus on food or science doesn't totally focus them entirely on food or
science, instead always doing a bit of a hybrid thing (and never going for
enough food).  It is quite difficult to get your cities doing the right thing
though, as you have to remember to check cities upon growth to re-allocate
citizens, and make sure that your workers aren't getting reassigned
independent of your orders.  After your cities are up and running, the auto
assignment is likely acceptable; you usually want a little bit of production
for units (this might be your main way you produce military units, actually),
you want food to grow the city (except late in the game, when the new person
won't be able to 'pay back' their cost or they can never pay back the delay in
production), and you want gold/science if the city is specializing in them
(there usually aren't enough production squares for a city's people, and it's
usually beneficial to still have the city producing people for these things).
The important thing is to focus, and have an improvement before you start
focussing on that area; build a library before trying to build science, a
granary before building much food, etc.
The AI likes to declare war on you after you've build a certain number of
cities.  This is why a good chokepoint city is awesome.  Walls are extremely
expensive, but can make a huge difference in the number of defenders you need.
I'll usually place 2-3 of my most advanced defender armies in these cities,
ship the obsolete ones to vulnerable costal cities, and any other troops I've
built up for attacking later (or free troops) in the choke point city.  The
armies might get worn down in a turn due to a high number of attackers, so
make sure there are some other units around to keep your good ones from
getting killed off.  Having a good attacker or two (especially an army) can
really rip through the armies prepared to attack your city - particularly
since your city should be on a hill, and there may be a great general there
from all the crazy defending you've been doing, which gives some really nice
attack boosts.  If you can get an overrun advantage versus the people trying
to attack you (your city is on a hill with a great general and a boat nearby),
you can kill off their entire attacking force in one swipe.
##########################
#Warfare Strategies - WS5#
##########################
******************************************************
*General Strategy - How should I defend and attack?*
******************************************************
Some units are good for attacking, some are good for defending, and some are
in the middle.  Middle units are, frankly, not very good unless you have a
nice tech advantage.  Obviously warriors are completely obsolete after you get
any other unit - everything else always has at least 1 attack/1 defense, and
will cost the same amount, so abandon them for legions/archers as soon as you
can.  Each era has a pair like this, but when you introduce catapults and
horses, it opens up a bit.  Horses aren't very useful unless you don't want
roads for some reason.  You don't have opportunities to pillage AI land in
this game, and the AI usually defends all of their cities decently - so the
horses are just expensive, faster versions of your regular troops.
Catapults/cannons/artillery are extremely useful, however, and will replace
any other attack-type troops in your army.  Just remember to always tag an
army of defenders or two with each group of attackers.  I generally use the
following combinations:
legion/archer
catapult/pikeman
cannon/rifleman
artillery/modern infantry
bombers/fighters
submarines/battleships
*******************
*Perpetual Warfare*
*******************
Once you get to a certain point in the game, the AIs start demanding things or
else they go to war with you (unless you have the Great Wall, pre-engineering).
So, what should you do? Firstly, they usually demand something pretty
extravagant - the shiny tech you just got, or 3/4 of your bank account. I
never give them their number 1 demand unless I'm really concerned about their
military vs mine (this is much more likely very early in the game). Whether
you give them the compromise gift or tell them to screw off is really up to
you.  I usually tell them to screw off.  If you're going to do this a lot
though, expect to have a pile on through most of the game.  If you were able
to establish good chokepoints (not so effective on higher difficulties, and
not so great if the AI is using boats to get to you - a good navy will solve
this easily though), you should see a lot of attackers fall to your well
defended, walled cities.  I usually go on the offensive once I get some nice
new attacking tech, like when you first get catapults, cannons, tanks, or
artillery/bombers.
*********************
*Leonardo's Workshop*
*********************
I would argue this is, by a fair margin, the best wonder in the game -
especially if you have a tech lead but poor productive capacity.  I like to
get Invention, but not start building this until I have some better technology
- your units should upgrade to cannons/riflemen/knights at the very least.
So, when you are getting ready to build this, start cranking out all of the
lowest cost units you can, along with a lot of catapults (unless you are a
warmonger, you have probably focused on defensive units thus far).  Getting
all your cities to produce catapults for a few turns, and then switch some
high production city over to the workshop, will net you a nice sized force of
cannons to go after whoever you want.
Germans get their units upgraded for free if they're elite (i.e. have an
upgrade you got to choose).  This is pretty awesome, especially if
you're in the middle of a war and suddenly your nicely upgraded archer
army suddenly becomes riflemen - nothing's getting through then.
For the cost of the workshop, consider how many units you could build in the
same time.  There are definitely instances where you only have a few old units,
so building new ones is more cost effective.  This probably doesn't happen
very often though, considering how much more expensive later military units
are than older ones.
*****************************
*Boosting Attack and Defense*
*****************************
You've decided you really want to wage wars before you have some crazy tech
advantage, and you want to know how to do that effectively.  Or, you don't
want to waste any production building defenders, and want that one army to
protect your entire civ for all of history.  Here are all of the ways you
can boost attack and defense:
Government - Fundamentalism
+1 attack for each unit
Wonder - Himeji Samurai Castle
+1 attack for each unit
Naval Support - depends on the ship (all except Galleys)
The bonuses these units give can be boosted by them being veterans. This
affects both the attack and defensive strength of the units, and is a
flat number (i.e. not affected if you attack with an army).
Galleon
Submarine
Battleship
Unit ability - Engineer
+100% city defense
Unit ability - Infiltration
+50% to city attack
Unit ability - Leadership
+100% defense if another unit is in the same square
Unit ability - Loyalty
+50% defense in home territory
Unit ability - Veteran
+50% attack and defense
Unit bonus - Great Leader
This bonus applies to all units in the same square
+50% attack and defense
Terrain - Hills
+50% attack and defense
Terrain - Forest
+50% defense
Building - Walls
+100% defense
Unit defense - Fortification
+100% defense
At the very least, your units should all be veteran (at least, besides the
first few warriors you build), as a 50% boost for only 40 production is quite
the deal (if you build more than two units in the city).  Forming armies is
sort of a weird thing though - if you have one veteran unit joining, the
entire army gets the veteran benefit.
Ideally then you could reasonably have an archer defender in a city on a hill
with walls that is fortified, veteran, and has an engineering upgrade, to give
2+1+2+1+2=8 defense - which translates to 24 for an archer army. So,
if you wanted to attack a city that might have these, you'd want a veteran
legion with infiltration attacking from a hill and fundamentalism, for
2+1+1+1+1=6 attack, which is then 18 for an army.  That's not nearly enough.
You can see if the city has walls or not at least, which would reduce the
defense down to 18, and then you might be ok attacking.  I wouldn't at this
level though, because if you lose and they get a great general, you'll find
the city incredibly difficult to attack in the future.  At the very least,
try and use a spy to destroy their fortifications, and then it's 21 to 24 -
although you're still screwed if you lose.
If we instead attack with the more advanced catapults before they've upgraded
to pikemen, we could have a veteran attacking from a hill for 6+3+3=12, or
36 for an army.  Even without the hills, it would still be 27, which would
be very difficult for a non-walled city to defend against.  An individual
catapult would not successfully attack them though.  But, what if they are
attacking your city, and you have a catapult - can it benefit you to send it
out?  The main attackers are probably travelling with some defenders, but
they no longer have the city bonuses like walls, fortifications, city defender
abilities, or likely hills (or forests, depending on your city placement).
So, the best their archer can do is veteran, for a defense of 2+1=3, or 9 for
the army.  You should be able to take care of this with 1 catapult, or an
archer army, pretty easily.  Then you can pick off their attackers with
single catapult and legion units - they will have between 1 and 6 defense,
depending on their upgrades and how they're situated (and if they're in
armies), so a catapult veteran from a hill will take them nicely.
This generalizes pretty easily up until the modern era.  Then, you have to deal
with tanks, modern infantry, artillery, fighters, and bombers.  Artillery are
the best attack units in the game, mostly because bombers can't get the same
attack bonuses.  I personally feel like attack becomes much more important than
defense at this point in the game, and so if someone's attacking me, I'll focus
on killing their troops well before they reach any cities.
###########################
#Advanced Strategies - AS6#
###########################
******************
*Population Pumps*
******************
If your government type is Republic, you can build a settler for only 1
population.  You can then take these citizens and get them to join another
city.  So, basically, you have a bunch of little cities that only produce
settlers, along with a couple (or one) very very large city that absorbs all
of their people.
Even if the population total of your empire is the same doing this versus
having lots of midsized cities, efficiency is massively improved on the whole.
No longer are you building things in cities without production enhancements,
or researching things in cities without libraries and universities.  Each
extra person that can't work the terrain adds 1 trade and 1 production to the
city, as well as the culture bonus that comes from population with theatres
and cathedrals.  You'll have each great person type settled in the city
(hopefully), further boosting the potential.  Also, you can build so many
wonders in the city, all taking only a couple turns to build.  Many of the
wonders have excellent synergy with a single city (i.e. they boost something
in only that one place), like Shakespeare's Theatre and the Trade Fair.
Since the little cities won't be doing much, and will always have low
populations, you can pile them all very close to each other - just make sure
each one has 1 plains tile for food, and 1 forest for production.  You can
easily have 10+ cities generating a settler every 10 turns by the middle ages.
Security for this many cities can be of concern, but they don't really
possess anything you need to defend, so leave them empty.  Just protect the
borders.  You can quite easily stick up some walls for your main city, and
have an army or two of the most recent defenders hanging out inside.  Ideally,
your production would be high enough that you could produce enough for an
army every turn - once you have every building imaginable set up, you can
build to take over the world.
Cultural victory is probably the worst with this set up - there isn't any real
benefit from settling most of the great people you're creating.  Domination
is good from the quick unit production, centralized for easy army formation
before going on a rampage.  Economic and science are probably the best two to
go for - the city should be able to produce enough gold for victory in under
40 turns by mid-late game (that's only 500 gold/turn, which I sometimes can
hit without this strategy with the Internet and Trade Fair).
As predicted, this strategy was determined to be broken, and so settlers now
just add 20 food to the city they're joining.  This totally kills the strategy.
Sometimes you just really want a city in the middle of the mountains, even
though you can't produce any food there.  Shipping 20 food over, at a cost of
20 hammers each, from some food producing city can still be viable - it's just
not worthwhile when it takes 100 food to get an extra person.  6 people is
probably about the cap that you'd use for this, as that next person would take
60 production and (optimally) 3 population from elsewhere.  3 people working
forests instead of 1 mountain (the extreme case, I know), would produce 6
production instead of 5, and you'd save 60 for something else, along with the
extra food.  The tradeoff isn't quite as bad if you have a super gold city
with the Trade Fair, market, bank, internet, etc etc, but by the time it's set