TTTTTTTTTTTTTT         IIII RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT       IIII RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT     IIII RRRRRRRRRRRRRR
TTTT   IIII RRRR
TTTT IIII RRRR
TOTAL IMMERSION RACING: CHALLENGE MODE GUIDE
by
Jamie Stafford/Wolf Feather
FEATHER7@IX.NETCOM.COM
Initial Version Completed: December 14, 2002
FINAL VERSION Completed:   December 25, 2002
==============================================
==============================================
==============================================
CONTENTS
Spacing and Length
Permissions
Introduction
Challenge Mode
Minato City Tips
General Tips
Braking
Cornering
Rumble Strips
Concrete Extensions
Tires
Drafting/Slipstreaming
Wet-weather Racing/Driving
Handling
Diagrams
Contact Information
==============================================
==============================================
==============================================
SPACING AND LENGTH
For optimum readability, this driving guide should be
viewed/printed using a monowidth font, such as Courier.
Check for font setting by making sure the numbers and letters
below line up:
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
==============================================
PERMISSIONS
Permission is hereby granted for a user to download and/or
print out a copy of this driving guide for personal use.
However, due to the extreme length, printing this driving
guide may not be such a good idea.
This driving guide may only be posted on: FeatherGuides,
GameFAQs.com, f1gamers.com, Games Domain, PSXCodez.com,
Cheatcc.com, gamesover.com, Absolute-PlayStation.com,
GameReactors.com, RedCoupe, InsidePS2Games.com,
CheatPlanet.com, The Cheat Empire, a2zweblinks.com, Gameguru,
CheatHeaven, IGN, cheatingplanet.com, RobsGaming.com,
neoseeker.com, ps2fantasy.com, and vgstrategies.com.  Please
contact me for permission to post elsewhere on the Internet.
Should anyone wish to translate this game guide into other
languages, please contact me for permission(s) and provide me
with a copy when complete.
Remember:  Plagiarism in ANY form is NOT tolerated!!!!!
==============================================
==============================================
==============================================
INTRODUCTION
Total Immersion Racing is perhaps one of the best racing
games on PlayStation2 in relation to its price.  At only
$19.99 NEW upon release in the United States, Total Immersion
Racing certainly delivers A LOT for such a low cost.  It may
at times be best to compare Total Immersion Racing with Le
Mans 24 Hours, and it is generally a toss-up as to which is
the better game.
Total Immersion Racing allows players to enter the world of
ALMS-like (American Le Mans Series) sports car racing.  In
this game, there are three car classes (GT, GTS, and
Prototype); in most race modes, all three car classes compete
simultaneously despite their major differences in car power
and characteristics.  Since the player must begin Career Mode
(which is used to unlock many elements in the game) in GT
Class - the lowest of the three car classes - it is
imperative that the player learn to stay out of the way of
the faster, higher-class vehicles while still maintaining
some semblance of intra-class competitiveness; in this
respect, GT Class competition is more difficult, as Le Mans
winner Derek Bell has mentioned several times in covering
endurance races for Speed Channel.  Watching real-world
multi-class endurance races such as 24 Hours of Le Mans,
Petit Le Mans (10 hours or 1,000 miles, whichever comes
first), Rolex24 at Daytona, and 12 Hours of Sebring will
certainly put this into glorious perspective - especially
when in-car shots from the GT Class vehicles are used to show
the closing rate and overall tremendous speed of the faster
car classes... especially at nighttime.
This guide is specific to Challenge Mode in Total Immersion
Racing.  This gameplay mode features thirty-seven challenges.
Most of these challenges use six identical cars on a given
circuit at once.  Some challenges feature a full race grid
with GT Class, GTS Class, and Prototype Class cars all
competing simultaneously.  Also, there are a few races which
are VERY lengthy, at 25 laps or longer for these races.
==============================================
==============================================
==============================================
CHALLENGE MODE
Challenge Mode is essentially a miniaturized version of
Career Mode.  Here, the player is given a car to race in a
short 'season' against five other IDENTICAL cars (usually;
endurance-style challenges and a few other challenges use a
full grid with all three car classes represented).  The same
rules of Emotions, points, etc., apply here as in Career
Mode.
Initially, only the Audi TT-R (GT Class) is available in
Challenge Mode.  Winning its mini-season of three rounds
unlocks the Audi TT-R in Single Race Mode and makes the next
challenge available.  This sequence is then repeated ad
nauseum until all challenges in Challenge Mode have been
completed (won).
There are thirty-seven challenges in total, although
initially only the first thirty challenge icons can be seen
(either in full color or grayed out).  Challenge Mode does
not include levels of difficulty, so the player can make any
desired car set-up adjustments in any of the challenges.
On a VERY important note, there is NO opportunity to save
game progress within a Challenge Mode series.  This can be
rather important with the longer Challenge Mode series.  To
ensure that the player has enough time to participate in a
series, add the number of laps in the series (this is always
given at the Challenge Select screen) and multiply by 2
minutes 30 seconds.  This equation will cover GT Class racing
at most race circuits; GTS Class and Prototype Class
competition will obviously be faster (up to forty seconds
faster per lap for Prototype Class racing, depending on the
circuit in question).
Until the final challenges, Challenge Mode is not really
difficult at all, although those players who do not tune the
cars for better handling performance (especially through and
exiting corners) will find themselves doing A LOT of
countersteering.  The Race Engineer can fix this to some
extent, but much of the car's performance will still rely
quite heavily upon the player's driving skills.
Of the thirty-seven challenges, Traffic (Challenge #27) is
unique in that the player and another competitor in the
Prototype Class BOTH start at the very back of an eighteen-
car multi-class field; in this challenge, there are ONLY TWO
ENTRIES in the Prototype Class.  The idea is to keep
finishing first in the Prototype Class, which is obviously
made easier should the player be able to quickly clear all
the traffic and lead the entire field.  Also, there is NO
opportunity to qualify for the races in this challenge,
meaning that the player will ALWAYS start from the final
position.
For player reference, here are all thirty-seven challenges in
Challenge Mode, including all of the circuits used (and the
number of laps per circuit) for each challenge:
Challenge Name         Circuit                     Laps
--------------------   -----------------------     ----
Abt Audi TT-R          Springfield                 2
Hockenheim                  2
Silverstone                 2
GT Cup                 Silverstone                 2
Monza                       2
Hockenheim                  2
Springfield Short           3
Noble                  Silverstone                 3
Hockenheim                  3
Springfield Short           4
British vs. German     Hockenheim                  3
Silverstone                 3
Hockenheim Motodrome        4
Qualife                Monza                       3
Talheimring                 3
Silverstone                 3
Euro Cup               Monza                       3
Silverstone International   4
Talheimring                 3
Hockenheim                  3
BMW M3                 Silverstone                 3
Monza                       3
Hockenheim                  3
German GT              Hockenheim                  10
Sprint Cup             Silverstone International   3
Hockenheim Motodrome        3
Springfield Short           3
Rockingham Oval             3
Sintura                Rockingham Oval             4
Silverstone International   4
Talheimring                 3
GTS Cup                Silverstone                 3
Monza                       3
Hockenheim                  3
Springfield                 3
Talheimring                 3
Panoz Esperante        Rockingham                  3
Springfield Short           4
Monza                       3
Storm Cup              Monza                       3
Silverstone                 3
Hockenheim                  3
Vemac                  Talheimring                 3
Hockenheim                  3
Springfield                 3
Sebring Cup            Sebring                     4
Sebring                     4
Lister Storm           Hockenheim                  3
Silverstone International   3
Talheimring                 3
Trans Atlantic         Silverstone                 15
Sebring                     15
McLaren F1             Monza                       3
Hockenheim                  3
Talheimring                 3
Rockingham Oval             5
British Cup            Silverstone International   4
Rockingham                  3
Silverstone                 2
Far Eastern            Minato City                 25
BMW V12                Monza                       3
Talheimring                 3
Hockenheim                  3
Prototype Cup          Monza                       4
Sebring                     4
Hockenheim                  4
Rockingham                  4
Talheimring                 4
Minato City                 4
Dome                   Minato City                 4
Silverstone                 3
Hockenheim                  3
High Speed             Rockingham Oval             8
Talheimring                 4
Hockenheim                  4
Panoz LMP              Hockenheim                  4
Talheimring                 4
Sebring                     3
Fast and Furious       Monza                       1
Springfield                 1
Silverstone                 1
Talheimring                 1
Hockenheim                  1
Minato City                 1
Sebring                     1
Rockingham                  1
Bentley                Monza                       3
Silverstone                 3
Hockenheim                  3
Sebring                     3
Traffic                Monza                       3
Springfield                 3
Silverstone                 3
Minato City                 3
Sebring                     3
Rockingham                  3
Audi R8                Sebring                     3
Hockenheim                  3
Silverstone                 3
Monza                       4
Audi vs. Bentley       Silverstone                 5
Hockenheim                  3
Pilbeam                Monza                       3
Silverstone International   4
Talheimring                 3
Hockenheim Motodrom         5
Rockingham Oval             5
Sebring 50             Sebring                     50
Lister LMP             Monza                       4
Silverstone International   4
Rockingham                  4
Bonus Car              Monza                       50
Intercontinental       Sebring                     4
Minato City                 4
Monza                       4
Rockingham Oval        Rockingham Oval             50
Rockingham             Rockingham Oval             6
Springfield                 3
Minato City                 3
Rockingham                  4
Note that the Rockingham Challenge is an open-wheel
challenge, with all participants using Rockingham Champ Cars
(CART-style cars).  Winning the Rockingham Challenge unlocks
the Rockingham Champ Car for use in all race modes.
==============================================
MINATO CITY TIPS
Minato City is the without question the most difficult race
venue in Total Immersion Racing.  A fictitious street circuit
supposedly set in Japan, the most important thing for
'conquering' the Minato City street circuit is to establish
and maintain a strong rhythm as quickly into a race as
possible.  This is especially important for the 25-lap GTS
Class Endurance in Challenge Mode.
The Minato City race venue is essentially the Monaco of Total
Immersion Racing.  The Minato City street circuit is
primarily comprised of corners, most of which are TIGHT
right-angle corners; these are primarily connected by VERY
short straightaways.  This circuit configuration means that
there is virtually NO use for top-end speed at the Minato
City race venue; instead, cars should be set up for optimal
cornering ability and especially FAST acceleration when
powering out of the many tight corners.
Whereas Total Immersion Racing is generally friendly toward
aggressive drivers when it comes to cornering, Minato City is
definitely NOT friendly to those with aggressive driving
styles.
==============================================
GENERAL TIPS
Save game progress and game settings at every opportunity.
Total Immersion Racing does not use rules; in other words,
there are no official repercussions (such as ten-second
penalties or immediate disqualifications) for unsportsmanlike
or dangerous driving, shortcutting corners, etc.  Many
corners (especially chicanes) do have barriers to ensure that
all drivers (including the player) keep to the racing line,
and there are plenty of sand traps and gravel traps to
significantly slow cars which go off-line at many corners,
but this is really the extent of the implementation of any
'rules' in Total Immersion Racing.  Note, however, that it is
DEFINITELY possible (and highly likely) to anger the CPU-
controlled competition through blocking, swapping paint,
etc.; some drivers may even develop a deep-rooted grudge
against the player and take extreme measures to attempt to
knock the player's vehicle out of the way or foil the
player's chances of winning a race and/or a championship in
the given car class.
On a similar note, Total Immersion Racing does not include
car damage.  Generally, this is because car manufacturers
adamantly oppose having their vehicles seen in anything but
prime, pristine condition.  Further, with so many vehicle
manufacturers represented in the game, only ONE would need to
refuse to allow their cars to have damage modeling for the
entire concept to be eliminated from the game.
The PlayStation2 features 256 levels of button sensitivity
(for the X, Square, Circle, and Triangle buttons), and Total
Immersion Racing makes definite use of this feature.
Pressing harder on the accelerator button (set to the X
button as the default) will provide faster acceleration;
pressing harder on the brake button (set to the Square button
as the default) will provide harder braking.  However, Truly
fast acceleration and truly hard braking will very quickly
tire the player's thumb (and potentially the player's entire
right hand).  Therefore, it may be best to take a break for
ten to fifteen minutes after every two or three races; this
will allow the player's thumb and hand to relax.
Players can expect some FIERCE racing competition in ALL
classes.  This can be especially tricky when racing in the
Prototype Class, as while the player is fending off
intraclass competitors, the player may well be weaving
through GT Class or GTS Class cars which are all having a
rather nasty battle between themselves.
Higher-class cars are more difficult to drive cleanly
(especially through and exiting corners) than lower-class
cars.  Specifically, higher car classes tend to have
'squirrelier' cornering characteristics.  This can be
remedied to some extent by using proper tuning; however,
there are never any tuning options available at the Amateur
difficulty of racing in Total Immersion Racing.
When racing in higher-class cars (especially cars in the
Prototype Class) and coming upon lower-class backmarkers, it
is important to get through these slower vehicles as quickly
as possible.  Backmarkers in any form of racing tend to slow
down the faster cars, and racing is certainly about speed.
Also, the more backmarkers that can be positioned between the
player and the following intra-class competitor, the harder
and longer that competitor will need to work to get to the
player... and this can be just enough time to secure a
(comfortable) race victory.  Also, with several backmarkers
between the player and the following intra-class competitor,
the less pressure is placed upon the player, which generally
results in cleaner, safer driving; this is because drivers
under fierce pressure in a battle for position/points are
much more prone to making a mistake, such as going wide
through a corner and accidentally letting the competitor
through on the inside line.
Auto racing is largely dependent upon racing line, braking
zones, braking strength, and acceleration strength.  Total
Immersion Racing very much places these four prime elements
of auto racing into play.  Certainly, a car's set-up can
affect a player's race, but the way that the player uses
these four areas to make the most of a car's set-up is key to
success... moreso than in many other auto racing games due to
the construction of the physics engine.
Try to keep out of the sand and gravel which line the inside
or outside of many corners at most race venues.  Dropping
even a single wheel into this 'kitty litter' will slow the
car tremendously - even to as slow as 30MPH/48KPH.  This is
not so bad when racing at Amateur difficulty, as it is rather
easy to maintain a large lead or to catch up with the rest of
the cars in the class.  However, at higher levels of
difficulty, slowing to such slow speeds for even a single
second can drastically change the outcome of a race.
When participating in Prototype Class, it is quite possible
that at longer circuits (such as Sebring International
Raceway), the player will need to contend with GT Class cars
in races of four or more laps.  Another few laps beyond that,
should a race be so long, the player will need to contend
with GTS Class cars.  If the player has angered any of the GT
Class and/or GTS Class drivers during Career Mode or earlier
in a Challenge Mode series (especially if those drivers hold
a grudge against the player), they could make passing quite
difficult, despite the general 'courtesy' of pulling aside
and allowing the faster, higher-class cars to pass by easily.
Therefore, when approaching these backmarkers, it is a good
idea to ensure that the Emotions icons are activated (this is
toggled on and off via the L1 button by default) to get some
'advance warning' on approach and before attempting to make
the actual pass(es).
The player may wish to always have Emotions activated.  This
will make it much easier to spot competitors far ahead and/or
far behind the player's car, due to the height of the
Emotions icons.  Unfortunately, however, each race begins
with Emotions deactivated, so the player must always remember
to activate the Emotions icons.
It IS possible to take a corner so quickly that a car goes up
on two wheels.  However, this is a bit difficult to do, which
makes actually FLIPPING a vehicle virtually impossible to do
in this game.
Since an extra championship point is awarded for holding the
fastest lap at a given race, the 'perfect season' includes
both winning ALL the races AND setting the fastest lap at ALL
the races.  Oftentimes, winning ALL the races in a season is
fairly easy, although some defensive driving may be required
in the final lap(s) as the other drivers start feeling
desperate.  However, setting the fastest lap for even ONE
race is sometimes rather difficult.
Many corners in the game have distance-to-corner markers
which are small signs placed near the pavement on the outside
of an upcoming corner; some race venues also use cones or
pylons to help mark corners.  In many racing games, if these
cones, pylons, or distance-to-corner markers are run over,
they are destroyed and/or knocked far away from the circuit
itself, and are never replaced.  However, Total Immersion
Racing will replace these important elements, so that they
are back in place the next time the player comes to that
section of the circuit.  Therefore, in two-player mode, there
is no point in trying to knock away the distance-to-corner
markers in an effort to fool the opponent into changing the
braking zone and thus potentially making a critical racing
mistake.
Total Immersion Racing is generally quite friendly to
aggressive drivers, especially when it comes to making passes
entering/through/exiting corners.  The Minato City race
venue, however, is rather the opposite.
Amazingly, the cones and pylons in the game will GREATLY slow
cars when hit.  While it may be impressive to watch the
pylons and cones fly through the air or skim across the
ground, it is best to avoid them at all costs.
At Rockingham Oval and when on the oval portion of the
Rockingham stadium circuit, KEEP OFF THE APRON!!!!!  Putting
the left-side tires on the apron at high speeds will almost
always unbalance the car, causing it to suddenly pitch to the
left.  Those familiar with NASCAR racing (or its pavement-
based feeder series) will already be quite familiar with the
results when this situation occurs in real-world racing;
interestingly, in Total Immersion Racing, the skidding of the
car in this situation sounds VERY similar to its real-world
counterpart.
Of the many race venues in Total Immersion Racing, only five
are initially available.  The others can be unlocked for ALL
gameplay modes by winning at those venues the FIRST time they
appear in either Challenge Mode or Career Mode; failure to
win at race venues in this manner means that these circuits
will not be available to the player in Single Race Mode and
Time Trial Mode.  Fortunately, it is NOT a requirement to
also win the series/seasons in which these circuits first
appear in order to unlock these race venues.
Cars can be unlocked for all race modes by winning their
appropriate challenges in Challenge Mode.  Some cars can also
be unlocked by performing well in Career Mode.
==============================================
==============================================
==============================================
BRAKING
The first step in driving fast is knowing when, where, and
how much to slow down (braking).  In some games, a brake
controller can be acquired or purchased, allowing the player
to customize the brake strength by axle or by adjusting the
bias of the brakes toward the front or the rear of the car.
The use of a brake controller will affect the braking zone,
as will other factors.  Specifically, the car's speed on
approaching a corner, the amount of fuel in the car at a
given moment, the drivetrain of the car, the weight of the
car, and even the car's center of gravity can all affect the
braking zone.  Similarly, the driving conditions - sunny,
overcast, damp, wet, icy, snowy etc. - will affect the
braking zone for each corner (as well as the car's ability to
attain high speeds).
Except for purely arcade-style games, the braking zone will
differ somewhat for each car depending upon its strengths and
weaknesses.  It certainly helps for the player to try a Free
Run or a Time Trial (if these modes exist in a given game) to
learn the circuit(s) - including the braking zones.
When looking for braking zones, try to find a particular
stationary object near the entry of each corner; it helps
tremendously if this object is far enough away from the
circuit that it will not be knocked over during a race.  To
begin, try using the brakes when the front of the car is
parallel with the chosen stationary object.  If this does not
slow the car enough before corner entry or if the car slows
too much before reaching the corner, pick another stationary
object on the following lap and try again.
Whenever changes are made to the car - whether to the brake
controller or to other aspects of tuning and/or parts - it
would be a good idea to go back into Free Run mode and check
that the braking zones still hold; if not, adjust as
necessary using the method in the paragraph above.
For those races which include fuel loads, the car will become
progressively lighter during a race.  The lesser weight can
often mean a slightly shorter braking zone; however, if tire
wear is excessive (especially if there have been numerous
off-course excursions), that might dictate a longer braking
zone.
Cars with a higher horsepower output will inherently attain
faster speeds, and will therefore require a longer braking
zone than cars with a lower horsepower output.  Try a
Volkswagon New Beetle, a Mini Cooper, a Dodge Viper, a Panoz
Esperante GT-1, a Corvette C5R, and an F-2002 (all in
stock/base configuration) along the same area of a circuit
and note how their braking zones differ.
A final note on braking: To the extent possible, ALWAYS brake
in a straight line.  If braking only occurs when cornering,
the car will likely be carrying too much speed for the
corner, resulting in the car sliding, spinning, and/or
flipping.  (Some games purposely do not permit the car to
flip, but a slide or spin can still mean the difference
between winning and ending up in last position at the end of
a race.)
If nothing else, players should strive to become of the
'breakers' they possibly can.  This will essentially force a
player to become a better racer/driver in general once the
player has overcome the urge to constantly run at top speed
at all times with no regard for damages to self or others.
Also, slowing the car appropriately will make other aspects
of racing/driving easier, especially in J-turns, hairpin
corners, and chicanes.
==============================================
CORNERING
Ideally, the best way to approach a corner is from the
outside of the turn, braking well before entering the corner.
At the apex (the midpoint of the corner), the car should be
right up against the edge of the pavement.  On corner exit,
the car drifts back to the outside of the pavement and speeds
off down the straightaway.  So, for a right-hand turn of
about ninety degrees, enter the corner from the left, come to
the right to hit the apex, and drift back to the left on
corner exit.  See the Diagrams section at the end of this
guide for a sample standard corner.
For corners that are less than ninety degrees, it may be
possible to just barely tap the brakes - if at all - and be
able to clear such corners successfully.  However, the same
principles of cornering apply: approach from the outside of
the turn, hit the apex, and drift back outside on corner
exit.
For corners more than ninety degrees but well less than 180
degrees, braking will certainly be required.  However, for
these 'J-turns,' the apex of the corner is not the midpoint,
but a point approximately two-thirds of the way around the
corner.  J-turns require great familiarity to know when to
begin diving toward the inside of the corner and when to
power to the outside on corner exit.  See the Diagrams
section at the end of this guide for a sample J-turn.
Hairpin corners are turns of approximately 180 degrees.
Braking is certainly required before corner entry, and the
cornering process is the same as for standard corners:
Approach from the outside, drift inside to hit the apex
(located at halfway around the corner, or after turning
ninety degrees), and drifting back to the outside on corner
exit.  See the Diagrams section at the end of this guide for
a sample hairpin corner.
If there are two corners of approximately ninety degrees each
AND both corners turn in the same direction AND there is only
a VERY brief straightaway between the two corners, they may
be able to be treated like an extended hairpin corner.
Sometimes, however, these 'U-turns' have a straightaway
between the corners that is long enough to prohibit a
hairpin-like treatment; in this case, drifting to the outside
on exiting the first of the two corners will automatically
set up the approach to the next turn.  See the Diagrams
section at the end of this guide for a sample U-turn.
FIA (the governing body of F1 racing, World Rally
Championship, and other forms of international motorsport)
seems to love chicanes.  One common type of chicane is
essentially a 'quick-flick,' where the circuit quickly edges
off in one direction then realigns itself in a path parallel
to the original stretch of pavement, as in the examples in
the Diagrams section at the end of this guide.  Here, the
object is to approach the first corner from the outside, hit
BOTH apexes, and drift to the outside of the second turn.
FIA also seems to like the 'Bus Stop' chicane, which is
essentially just a pair of quick-flicks, with the second
forming the mirror image of the first, as shown in the
Diagrams section at the end of this guide.  Perhaps the most
famous Bus Stop chicane is the chicane (which is actually
called the 'Bus Stop Chicane') at Pit Entry at Spa-
Francorchamps, the home of the annual Grand Prix of Belgium
(F1 racing) and the host of The 24 Hours of Spa (for
endurance racing).
Virtually every other type of corner or corner combination
encountered in racing (primarily in road racing) combines
elements of the corners presented above.  These complex
corners and chicanes can be challenging, such as the Ascari
chicane at Monza.  See the Diagrams section for an idea of
the formation of Ascari.
However, in illegal street/highway racing, the positioning of
traffic can 'create' the various corners and corner
combinations mentioned here.  For example, weaving in and out
of traffic creates a virtual bus stop chicane (see the
Diagrams section at the end of this guide).  Slowing may be
necessary - it often is - depending on the distance between
the vehicles.  See the Sample Circuit Using Some of the Above
Corner Types Combines in the Diagrams section at the end of
this guide; note that this is a diagram for a very technical
circuit.
At some race venues, 'artificial chicanes' may be created by
placing cones and/or (concrete) barriers in the middle of a
straightaway.  One such game which used this type of chicane
is the original Formula1 by Psygnosis, an F1-based
PlayStation game from 1995, which used this at Circuit
Gilles-Villeneuve along Casino Straight (shortly after
passing the final grandstands at the exit of Casino Hairpin).
One thing which can change the approach to cornering is the
available vision.  Blind and semi-blind corners require
ABSOLUTE knowledge of such corners.  Here is where gamers
have an advantage over real-world drivers:  Gamers can
(usually) change their viewpoint (camera position), which can
sometimes provide a wider, clearer view of the circuit, which
can be especially important when approaching semi-blind
corners; real-world drivers are obviously inhibited by the
design of their cars and racing helmets.  Great examples of
real-world blind and semi-blind corners would be Mulsanne
Hump at Le Mans, Turns 14 and 15 at Albert Park, and each of
the first three corners at A1-Ring.
Also important to cornering - especially with long, extended
corners - is the corner's radius.  Most corners use an
identical radius throughout their length.  However, some are
increasing-radius corners or decreasing-radius corners.
These corners may require shifting the apex point of a
corner, and almost always result in a change of speed.
Decreasing-radius corners are perhaps the trickiest, because
the angle of the corner becomes sharper, thus generally
requiring more braking as well as more turning of the
steering wheel.  Increasing-radius corners are corners for
which the angle becomes more and more gentle as the corner
progresses; this means that drivers will generally accelerate
more, harder, or faster, but such an extra burst of speed can
backfire and require more braking.  See the Diagrams section
at the end of this guide for sample images of a decreasing-
radius corner and an increasing-radius corner.
For traditional road racing circuits, increasing-radius and
decreasing-radius corners may not be too much of a problem;
after several laps around one of these circuits, a driver
will know where the braking and acceleration points are as
well as the shifted apex point (should a shift be required).
However, for stage-based rally racing, where the roads are
virtually unknown and the driver knows what is ahead only
because of the navigator's instructions (which - based upon
notes - may or may not be absolutely correct), the unknown
can cause drivers to brake more often and/or more heavily.
For rally-based games, such as the Need for Speed: V-Rally
series (PlayStation/PSOne) or for World Rally Championship
(PlayStation2), there is often specialized vocabulary used:
'tightens' generally designates that a corner has a
decreasing radius, whereas 'widens' or 'opens' indicates that
a corner has an increasing radius.  This need for 'extra'
braking is also tempered by the fact that in much of rally
racing, corners are either blind or semi-blind, due to trees,
buildings, cliffs, embankments, and other obstacles to clear
vision all the way around a corner.
One particularly interesting aspect of cornering is one which
I honestly do not know if it works in reality (I am not a
real-world racer, although I would certainly LOVE the chance
to attend a racing school!!!), but which works in numerous
racing/driving games I have played over the years.  This
aspect is to use the accelerator to help with quickly and
safely navigating sharp corners.  This works by first BRAKING
AS USUAL IN ADVANCE OF THE CORNER, then - once in the corner
itself - rapidly pumping the brakes for the duration of the
corner (or at least until well past the apex of the corner).
The action of rapidly pumping the accelerator appears to
cause the drive wheels to catch the pavement just enough to
help stop or slow a sliding car, causing the non-drive wheels
to continue slipping and the entire car to turn just a little
faster.  Using this rapid-pumping technique with the
accelerator does take a little practice initially, and seems
to work best with FR cars; however, once perfected, this
technique can pay dividends, especially with REALLY sharp
hairpin corners, such as at Sebring International Raceway.
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RUMBLE STRIPS
Depending on car set-up and weather conditions, rumble strips
(sometimes also called 'alligators') can be either useful or
dangerous.  The purpose of rumble strips is to provide a few
extra centimeters of semi-racing surface to help keep cars
from dropping wheels off the pavement, which can slow cars
and throw grass and other debris onto the racing surface
(which makes racing a little more dangerous for all involved,
especially in corners).  Generally, rumble strips are found
on the outside of a corner at corner entry and corner exit,
and also at the apex of a corner - these locations provide a
slightly better racing line overall.
If a car is set with a very stiff suspension (i.e., there is
not much room for the suspension to move as the car passes
over bumps and other irregularities in the racing surface),
hitting rumble strips can cause the car to jump.  Even if
airborne for only a few milliseconds, at speed, it could be
just enough so that the driver loses control of the car.
Obviously, if one or more wheels are not in contact with the
ground, the car is losing speed, which could be just enough
of a mistake for other cars to pass by, and the lack of
contact with the ground could result in excessive wheelspin
which risks to flat-spot the tire(s) when contact is regained
with the ground.
When the racetrack is damp or wet, however, it is generally
best to avoid using the rumble strips.  Since rumble strips
are painted (usually red and white), ANY amount of moisture
will make the rumble strips extremely slick as the water
beads on the paint, so that hitting a rumble strip in the
process of cornering (especially at the apex of a corner)
will cause the tire(s) to lose traction and often send the
car spinning.
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CONCRETE EXTENSIONS
Similar to rumble strips are concrete extensions.  These are
generally (much) wider than rumble strips, and may or may not
be painted (at FIA-approved F1 circuits, for example, these
are generally painted green).  Also, whereas rumble strips
protrude slightly above the level of the racing surface,
concrete extensions are at the same level as the racing
surface.
Concrete extensions can be used in the same manner as rumble
strips.  However, if painted, concrete extensions should be
avoided for the same reasons listed above for rumble strips n
the event of wet or damp racing conditions.
Players should note that in some games - especially where
challenges or license tests are involved - concrete
extensions are often NOT designated as part of the official
track, resulting in an 'Out of Bounds' designation.  This is
true, for example, in EA Sports' F1-based series (F1 2000, F1
Championship Season 2000, F1 2001, and F1 2002) and in the
Gran Turismo series.
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TIRES
As a 2000/2001 Michelin commercial campaign (shown in the
States) stated, the tires are the only safety features on the
road which actually TOUCH the road.  Implicit in this series
of commercials is the message that special care must be given
to tires.  In the case of Michelin, this means that choosing
Michelin tires is far safer than choosing any other brand of
tires (note that this series of commercials had been running
since LONG before the Firestone/Ford controversy erupted in
2000).
In the case of racing/driving games, this same implicit
message - that the tires are the only safety features on the
road which actually TOUCH the road - means that special care
must be given to the tires to keep them from wearing out too
quickly.  Of course, some games (usually arcade-style games,
such as the Ridge Racer series) do not use tire wear.  Other
games do offer an array of tires, but simply to provide
higher levels of pavement grip as higher levels of tires are
acquired or purchased (such as Tokyo Xtreme Racer Zero).
Other games have races which are simply too short to make
tire wear a viable issue; an example of this type of game
would be Downforce.  In general, tire wear is not an issue in
rally racing games.
Some games simply provide Levels of tires.  Here, the
assumption is that Level 1 tires provide the least amount of
pavement grip, with higher levels providing more pavement
grip than previous levels.  However, many games (especially
simulation-based games such as Le Mans 24 Hours and the Gran
Turismo series) offer several choices of actual tire
compounds.
For non-racing cars intended for mundane street use, Normal
tires are standard issue.  While Normal tires may work well
on the highway and on city streets, they are virtually
worthless in an actual racing situation.  Normal tires do not
provide adequate grip to be effective in racing.  This is
most noticeable when trying to corner at relatively high
speeds with a vehicle with Normal tires.
Simulation tires supposedly give a more accurate feel of what
it is like to drive a racing-tuned car.
Sports tires are a little better than Normal tires.  When
first playing a racing/driving game which offers Sports
Tires, one of the best things you can do to improve your
chance of success is to upgrade to Sports Tires as soon as
possible.  This will improve cornering ability, and provide a
little more grip for acceleration (especially from a standing
start).
Racing tires come in an array of 'flavors,' with each tire
compound giving a varying level of grip countered by an
inverse level of durability.  Not all racing games offer such
a variety of tire compounds from which to choose.
Super-slick    Least grip, maximum durability
Slick
Medium-slick
Medium         Average grip, average durability
Medium-soft
Soft
Super-soft     Maximum grip, least durability
Note that in some games, Slick and Super-slick are more
likely to be called Hard Tires.
Dirt Tires are required for dirt-based rally events.  In some
racing games (primarily Gran Turismo 2 and Gran Turismo 3),
some non-racing cars can also be equipped with Dirt Tires -
and in some cases can easily outperform rally-dedicated
vehicles if given proper tuning considerations.
Intermediate Tires are often used in games with varying
weather effects, such as Le Mans 24 Hours.  Whereas Normal,
Sport, Super-soft, Soft, Medium-soft, Medium, Medium-slick,
Slick, and Super-slick Tires are designed specifically for
dry racing conditions, Intermediate Tires are generally used
when the pavement is damp.  A good indicator as to whether
Intermediate Tires or Wet Tires (see the following paragraph)
should be used is whether there is a large spray of water -
often called a 'rooster tail' - coming up from underneath the
car at high speeds on the straightaways.  If there is not a
rooster tail, or if the rooster tail is fairly small, then
Intermediate Tires should be a good choice.  Unfortunately,
EA Sports has never included Intermediate Tires in its F1-
based games, despite the fact that Intermediate Tires are
used in real-world F1 racing; Intermediate Tires very much
came into play, for example, at the 2002 Grand Prix of Great
Britain.
Wet Tires are designed for truly wet conditions.  A good
indicator as to whether Intermediate Tires (see the preceding
paragraph) or Wet Tires should be used is whether there is a
large spray of water - often called a 'rooster tail' - coming
up from underneath the car at high speeds on the
straightaways.  If there is a large rooster tail, then Wet
Tires are definitely needed.
Some racing games have an on-screen tire indicator.  This can
range from a set of brackets or an image of the car with the
tires highlighted in a particular color to a small line with
an arrow indicating the condition of the tires.  If the color
system is used with a bracket or an image of the car with the
tires highlighted, then the following colors are often used
to indicate tire conditions:
At the beginning of a race and immediately after a Pit
Stop, the tires are brand new ('stickers') and need to be
brought up to temperature as quickly as possible so that
they can provide the best possible grip.  This is noted by
dark blue tire indicators.  During this period, sharp
turns or extremely-fast cornering will almost certainly
cause the car to slide, and perhaps even spin.  However,
slides and spins will bring the tires up to optimum
temperature even faster, so you may wish to purposely
induce slides when entering corners, IF the tire
indicators are dark blue.
Once the tire indicators are green, the tires have reached
their optimum performance temperature, thus providing you
with the best possible grip for that set of tires.  The
amount of time the tire indicators remain in the green
color range depends on your driving style, the amount of
time off-course (in the grass or sand) or banging the
barriers (or other cars), and the initial selection of
tire compound.  Note that in some games, new tires put on
in a Pit Stop and tires on the car at the beginning of a
race start with green indicators (bypassing the 'stickers'
condition mentioned above).
As the tire indicators switch to yellow, you need to start
taking better care of your tires.  You may experience
slides when cornering.
Orange tire indicators are a warning to get to Pit Lane to
change tires as soon as you possibly can.  You will be
sliding around a lot more.
Red tire indicators are effectively Game Over.  Unless you
have a HUGE (multi-lap) lead or a significant horsepower
advantage over your competitors, you will not have a
chance of winning the race, especially if you stop to
change tires.  Essentially, you are driving on pure ice,
and the only way to 'reliably' get around the circuit is
to ride the rails (barriers) alongside the circuit.
Note that not all four tire indicators will be the
same color at all times.  If even ONE tire shows a red
indicator, you need to limp back to Pit Lane to change
tires as soon as possible.
Even if a game does not have a tire wear indicator, players
will inherently KNOW when the tires are worn due to the
amount of slipping around, primarily when cornering and
during extreme braking and acceleration.  Some games, such as
F1 2002, will have team radio communications which state that
the tires are wearing down.
If available in a given game, traction control affects tire
durability.  With a low traction control setting, the tires
will spin for a while (especially on a standing start or when
under strong acceleration out of a corner) before they
actually grip the pavement; the friction of the pre-grip
spinning wears away at the tires.  With a high traction
control setting, wheel spin is reduced or even eliminated,
thus extending the durability of the tires.
One of the best ways to reduce the durability of the tires is
to corner at high speeds.  The game manual for Gran Turismo 3
gives an excellent, highly-detailed description of what
occurs with the tires when cornering; this explanation should
be read at least once by EVERY serious gaming racer.  In
short, cornering at high speeds causes a high percentage of
the tire to be used for speed, and a low percentage to be
used for the actual cornering.  To combat this and thus
extend the durability of the tires, try to brake in a
STRAIGHT line before reaching a turn, thus reducing overall
speed and providing a lower percentage of the tires to be
used for speed, and a greater percentage used for cornering.
Note that if the percentage of the tires used for speed is
too high compared to the percentage used for cornering, the
car will slide and/or spin.
Perhaps one of the best things to do to learn to take care of
the tires is to play a racing game (such as F1 2002) in which
vehicle damage is available.  Playing with the damage option
on will certainly make the effects of worn tires quite
visual.  As tire grip wears away (due to a long stint,
multiple off-track excursions, etc.), the car may begin
sliding around, potentially resulting in car damage (broken
and missing parts), which REALLY makes driving a nightmare at
high speeds.  Many racing/driving games do not make this